Active-Passive Voice | कर्तृवाच्य-कर्मवाच्य
How did Active-Passive voice use in correct form of verbs?
ACTIVE-PASSIVE VOICE
अंग्रेजी में Voice (वाच्य) दो होते हैं-
1. Active Voice (कर्तृ वाच्य)
2. Passive Voice (कर्म वाच्य)
1. Active Voice : ' Active ' का शाब्दिक अर्थ है— सक्रिय होना । अतः जब वाक्य में Subject (कर्त्ता) स्वयं सक्रिय (active) होता है, अर्थात् जब स्वयं Subject कार्य करता है तो यह Active Voice होता है। जैसे—
Mukesh writes a letter.
"उपर्युक्त वाक्य में letter लिखने में स्वयं Subject सक्रिय है, अर्थात् Mukesh स्वयं पत्र लिखता है तो यह Active Voice है ।"
2. Passive Voice : Passive का शाब्दिक अर्थ है – 'निष्क्रिय होना' । अतः वाक्य में जब Subject स्वयं निष्क्रिय रहता है तथा Verb के अनुसार कार्य किया जाता है तो यह Passive Voice है।
A letter is written by Mukesh.
Voice सीखने के पूर्व निम्नलिखित Table ध्यान से याद करो :
| Table-I Personal Pronouns. | ||
|---|---|---|
| Subjective Case कर्ता कारक | Possessive Case संबंध कारक | Objective Case कर्म कारक |
| I | my | me |
| We | our | us |
| You | your | you |
| He | His | him |
| She | her | her |
| They | their | them |
विभिन्न Tenses में Verb की Passive Form अर्थात् Passive बनाते समय प्रयोग की जाने वाली Verbs
| Table II | ||
|---|---|---|
| Tense | Active Voice | Passive Voice |
| Simple Present | 1. S+VI/V1 (ses) + Ob. | Ob + is/am/are +V3 +by+ Sub. |
| Simple Present (Negative) | 2. S+do not/does not + V1+Ob. | Ob + is/am/are+not+ V3+by+ Sub. |
| Simple Past | 3. S+ V2 + Ob. | Ob + was/were + V3+by+ Sub. |
| Simple Past(Negative) | 4. S+ did not + VI + Ob. | Ob + was/were+not+ V3+by+Sub. |
| Present Continuous | 5. Sub+is/am/are +V' + ing + Ob. | Ob + is/am/are + being + V3+by+Sub. |
| Past Continuous | 6. Sub + was/were + V1 + ing + Ob. | Ob + was/were + being + V3+by+Sub. |
| Simple Future | 7. S+will/shall/modal + V1 + Ob. | Ob + will/shall/modal + be + V3+by+ Sub |
| Present Perfect | 8. S+has/have + V3 + Ob. | Ob + has been/have been + V3+by+ Sub. |
| Past Perfect | 9. S+ had + V3 + Ob. | Ob + had been + V3+by+ Sub. |
| Future Perfect | 10. S+will have/shall have + V3 + Ob. | Ob + will have been/shall have been + V3+ by + Sub. |
| Table III | |
|---|---|
| Active Voice | Passive Voice |
| 1. He writes a letter. | A letter is written by him. |
| 2. He wrote a letter. | A letter was written by him. |
| 3. He will write a letter. | A letter will be written by him. |
| 4. He was writing a letter. | A letter was being written by him. |
| 5. He had written a letter. | A letter had been written by him. |
| 6. He does not write a letter. | A letter is not written by him. |
| 7. He did not write a letter. | A letter was not written by him. |
| 8. He is writing a letter. | A letter is being written by him. |
| 9. He has written a letter. | A letter has been written by him. |
| 10. He will have written a letter. | A letter will have been written by him. |
विशेष : Modals: must, can, could, shall, should, will, would, may, might, need
Rules : not के बाद Passive Voice में helping verb हमेशा be ही आयेगा ।
इनके Passive Voice Future Simple tense की तरह बनेंगे ।
Modal +be+ V3
A. Simple or Assertive Sentences
FIVE Rules for : Changing into Passive
Rule : 1 : Object को Subject बना दो ।
Rule 2 : पहचान - verb के तुरन्त बाद object होता है।
Rule 3: Subject के तुरन्त बाद Helping Verb लाओ।
Rule : 4 : Verb III Form by लाओ (यदि आवश्यक हो । )
Rule : 5 : Subject को Object बना दो। (अर्थात् verb की III Form के बाद लगा दो।)
Examples
1. Active: The boy threw the ball.
Passive: The ball was thrown by the boy.
2. Active: She washes the clothes in the morning.
Passive: The clothes are washed by her in the morning.
3. Active: She is making tea.
Passive: Tea is being made by her.
4. Active: Your father was writing letters.
Passive: Letters were being written by your father.
5. Active: She has cooked food for the guests.
Passive Food has been cooked by her for the guests.
6. Active: The students have written a story.
Passive: A story has been written by the students.
7. Active: Renu had locked the gate before she went out.
Passive: The gate had been locked by Renu before she went out.
8. Active: Rukhsana will have taken the University Degree in June, 2014.
Passive: The University Degree will have been taken by Rukhsana in June, 2014.
9. Active: She is going to cook food.
Passive: Food is going to be cooked by her.
10. Active: The teacher was going to punish the students.
Passive: The students were going to be punished by the teacher.
11. Active: The judge is going to hear the case tomorrow.
Passive: The case is going to be heard by the judge tomorrow.
12. Active: She could help him.
Passive: He could be helped by her.
13. Active: You must write a letter.
Passive: A letter must be written by you.
14. Active He laughed at Sita.
Passive: Sita was laughed at by him.
DOUBLE OBJECTS
पहचान : वाक्य में Object के तुरन्त बाद कोई Noun दिया हुआ हो तो वह Noun दूसरा Object होता है। ऐसे वाक्यों के Passive Voice दो प्रकार से बन सकते हैं। आप यहाँ दिए गए प्रथम तरीके से ही Passive Voice बनाइए ।
Examples
1. Active: You showed Tushar the museum.
Passive: Tushar was shown the museum by you.
2. Active: Mr. Kumar taught us English.
Passive: We were taught English by Mr. Kumar.
UNIMPORTANT SUBJECTS
यदि Active Voice में कोई ऐसा Subject हो जिसका महत्त्व नहीं हो ( अर्थात् Unimportant Subject हो) तो Passive Voice बनाते समय उसे छोड़ देते हैं अर्थात् उसका प्रयोग Passive Voice में नहीं करते हैं। अतः by का प्रयोग भी नहीं होगा।
प्रमुख Unimportant Subjects निम्नलिखित हैं-
They, We, People (All People), All of them, Someone, Somebody, everyone, everybody, one, children......
ध्यान दें : Some people TM Many people-unimportant subjects नहीं है। अत: Passive Voice : by some people, by many people का प्रयोग होगा।
Examples:
1. Active: People take tea in the morning.
Passive: Tea is taken in the morning.
2. Active: Many people take tea in the morning.
Passive: Tea is taken by many people in the morning.
B. Interrogative Sentences
पहचान : Interrogative Sentences दो प्रकार से आरम्भ हो सकते हैं । वाक्य के अन्त में
प्रश्नवाचक चिह्न होता है।
I. Helping Verb से, जैसे—
1. Active: Will you help me?
Passive: Is she cooking food ?
II. Wh - से, जैसे-
1. Active: When will you return my book?
Passive: Why are you laughing at Sita?
नोट : Interrogative Sentences का Passive Voice बनाना विद्यार्थियों को काफी कठिन प्रतीत होता है। Rules से इनका Passive बनाना अत्यन्त सरल है व Correct बनेगा ।
Rules :
Rule : 1: प्रश्नवाचक वाक्यों का Passive Voice बनाने के लिए केवल एक ही Rule मुख्य रूप से याद रखिए-
Helping Verb के स्थान पर Helping Verb लाओ।
Rule : 2 : यदि वाक्य Wh― से आरम्भ होता हो तो Wh- को वहीं आरम्भ में रहने दो।
शेष नियम यथावत् हैं।
Examples
1. Active: Do the boys play cricket ?
Passive: Is cricket played by the boys?
2. Active: Was she cooking food in the kitchen ?
Passive: Was food being cooked by her in the kitchen?
3. Active: Are you helping your sister ?
Passive: Is your sister being helped by you?
4. Active: When will you return my book ?
Passive: When will my book be returned by you?
5. Active: Why were you laughing at Sita ?
Passive: Why was Sita being laughed at by you?
6. Active: Who broke this beautiful cup?
Passive: By whom was this beautiful cup broken?
[ नोट - Who वाले वाक्य Passive में By whom से आरम्भ होंगे। ]
C. Imperative Sentences
पहचान : Imperative Sentences (आज्ञा अथवा प्रार्थना - सूचक वाक्य ) मुख्यतः तीन प्रकार से आरम्भ होते हैं-
1. Verb की I Form से, अथवा
II. Do या Do not से, अथवा
III. Let से
Rules-
Rule : 1: Imperative Sentence का Passive Voice ‘Let' से आरम्भ करो।
Rule : 2 : Helping Verb हमेशा 'be' ही आयेगा ।
Rule : 3 : शेष नियम यथावत् हैं।
Examples
1. Active: Write a letter to your father.
Passive: Let a letter be written to your father.
2. Active: Open the window.
Passive: Let the window be opened.
(Rules :C) Imperative: Request (with Please/Kindly]
Rule : 1 : Object को Subject बनायें ।
Rule 2: Modal, may :
Rule: 3: Please Kindly ant may के पश्चात् लगायें।
Rule: 4: Please या Kindly के पश्चात् 'be' लगायें।
Rule 5: Verb III form use करें 1
Rule:6 : यदि शेष रहे शब्दों में object कोई pronoun है तो उससे पहले ‘to’ का प्रयोग करें।
Formula:
Sub. + may + please/kindly+be+V-III + Adverbial/object.
Examples
1. Active: Please, give me your pen.
Passive: Your pen may please be given to me.
or
2. Active: Kindly, exempt him from school fee.
Passive:He may kindly be exempted from school fee.
PRACTICE EXERCISE : 1
Complete the following paragraph using the Passive form of the verbs given in the brackets :
1. Thousands of people..............(kill) in the earthquake in Gujarat last month.
2. Many villages.............. (destroy) completely.
3. Now new houses............... (build) for the………. (hope) that very soon life.......... (make) normal for the people there.
4. Vegetable ..........(know) since very old times.
5. No household can get on without it, for it ................(use) in cooking.
6. Perfume.....................(prepare) from the oils of certain flowers.
7. Soaps..............(make) from vegetable and animal’s oils.
8. We.............(save) from dehydration by the more and more intake of water in summer.
9. Transmissions.............(attach) to the migratory birds on that day.
10. More sanctuaries...........(provide) for animals in future.
11. A book......... (write) these days by me.
12. An overbridge..............(construct) at that time.
13. A map............(draw) recently.
14. The picture..............(portray) by that time.
15. An ATR........(prepare) by tomorrow.
16. Delayed decisions.............(give) by Indian Law Courts.
17. Indigenous fighter tanks.............(make) many years ago.
18. Indian GSLV….........(use) in near future by ISRO.
19. The orders…...........(carry) out today.
20. Fast unto death….........(observe) at that time.
21. Space…..... (not discover) fully so far.
22. Cryogenic engine…...........(develop) by the Indian scientist by 2009.
23. Fast speed trains….... …(put) into service by the Indian Railways by 2015.
Answers to Practice Exercise :1:
1. were killed,
2. were destroyed,
3. are being built, is hoped, will be made,
4. has been known,
5. is used,
6. are prepared,
7. are made.
8. are saved
9. were attached
10. will be provided
11. is being written
12. was being constructed
13. has been drawn
14. had been portrayed
15. will have been prepared.
16. are given
17. were made
18. will be used
19. are being carried
20. was being observed
21. hasn't been discovered
22. had been developed
23. will have been put.
PRACTICE EXERCISE: 2
Complete the following sentences using one of the following verbs in the correct form:
1. Many diseases …………. (cause) by smoking.
2. Cheese … ……… (make) from milk.
3. A school is a place where children ………..(teach).
4. 'Abhigyan Shakuntalam' ……………. (write) in Sanskrit.
5. Our bus........................ (overtake) by many truks.
6. In our country Parliamentary elections............... (hold) every five years.
7. Should less money................ (spend) on ornament.
8. Was the TV.................... (repair) when you reached there.
9. Let all the doors ……………. (shut).
10. His lost book................... (find) after much search.
11. before Diwali/cleaned/are/houses
12. unthoughtfully/damaged/was/ozone layer
13. diminished/will be/of CFCs/the use
14. by pollution/caused/are being/diseases
15. in Europe/to work/being invited/Indians were
16. by festivals/to our culture/been bound/we have
17. by the west/amassed/had been/wealth
18. in honesty/surpassed India/have been/China will
19. Do not laugh at the handicapped.
20. She is cooking food.
21. Who has locked the door?
22. I remember someone giving me a watch on my birthday.
23. I don't like ambiguous replies.
Answers to Practice Exercise : 2
1. are caused by smoking.
2. is made from milk.
3. are taught.
4. was written in Sanskrit.
5. was overtaken by many trucks.
6. are held every five years.
7. be spent on ornaments.
8. repaired when you reached there?
9. be shut.
10. was found after much search.
11. Houses are cleaned before Diwali.
12. Ozone layer was damaged unthoughtfully.
13. The use of CFCs will be diminished.
14. Diseases are being caused by pollution.
15. Indians were being invited to work in Europe.
16. We have been bound to our culture by festivals.
17. Wealth had been amassed by the west.
18. China will have been surpassed India in honesty.
19. The handicapped should not be laughed at.
20. Food is being cooked by her.
21. By whom has the door been locked?
22. I remember a watch being given to me on my birthday.
23. Ambiguous replies are not liked by me.
PRACTICE EXERCISE : 3
Complete the following dialogue by writing the passive forms of the verbs given in the brackets :
Student: Is English Grammar..............(study) or...... (2.).......(practise)?
Teacher: Cramming...(3)....(stress) in old Grammar. Functional
Grammar........(4).......(highlight) more in future.
Student: Has linguistic research.......(5).......(make) in this matter?
Teacher: Various linguistic tools.......(6)........(devise) these days.
Student : Thank you, Sir.
Teacher : You are welcomed.
7. He helps me in my difficulty.
8. She washes my shirts in the evening.
9. My uncle helps me in my homework.
10. You sold your radio yesterday.
11. The headmaster gave me a prize.
12. She promised her son a watch.
13. He wrote me many letters.
14. My father gave your sister a book.
15. Sita has sent me a gift.
16. They appointed him a servant.
17. You are writing a story.
18. She is washing your shirts.
19. The boys were making a noise in the class.
20. The teacher was punishing the students.
21. People are welcoming the leader.
Answers to Practice Exercise : 3
1. studied
2. practised
3. was stressed
4. will be highlighted
5. been made
6. are being devised.
7. I am helped by him in my difficulty.
8. My shirts are washed by her in the evening.
9. I am helped by my uncle in my homework.
10. Your radio was sold by you yesterday.
11. I was given a prize by the headmaster.
12. Her son was promised a watch by her.
13. I was written many letters by him.
14. Your sister was given a book by my father.
15. I have been sent a gift by Sita.
16. He was appointed a servant.
17. A story is being written by you.
18. Your shirts are being washed by her.
19. A noise was being made by the boys in the class.
20. The students were being punished by the teacher.
21. The leader is being welcomed.
PRACTICE EXERCISE : 4
1. She has sold her house.
2. You have eaten apples in the market.
3. They have opened the gate.
4. I have written a book.
5. Sita had cooked food for her father.
6. They have won the cricket match.
7. People have given money for the hospital.
8. My mother has prepared tea for me.
9. He will write stories in the room.
10. My father will present you a pen.
11. You can purchase a scooter for your sister.
12. She must respect her teacher.
13. Raju could give you money.
14. I should help my friends.
15. You may take my scooter.
16. Sita is going to write a poem in the class.
17. Your sister was going to help me.
18. Is your father writing a letter to his friend?
19. Were you playing football in your school?
20. Has he taken breakfast ?
Answers to Practice Exercise: 4:
1. Her house has been sold by her.
2. Apples have been eaten by you in the market.
3. The gate has been opened.
4. A book has been written by me.
5. Food had been cooked by Sita for her father.
6. The cricket match has been won.
7. Money has been given for the hospital.
8. Tea has been prepared by my mother for me.
9. Stories will be written by him in the room.
10. You will be presented a pen by my father.
11. A scooter can be purchased by you for your sister.
12. Her teacher must be respected by her.
13. You could be given money by Raju.
14. My friends should be helped by me.
15. My scooter may be taken by you.
16. A poem is going to be written by Sita in the class.
17. I was going to be helped by your sister.
18. Is a letter being written by your father to his friend?
19. Was football being played by you in your school?
20. Has breakfast been taken by him?
PRACTICE EXERCISE: 5
1. People take him for his brother.
2. You need not have done this.
3. The teacher is checking the books.
4. She is making tea in the kitchen.
5. The boys were writing stories in the class.
6. She will not help you in your work.
7. You could not write letters to my friends.
8. Your mother must prepare food before your father comes.
9. You will have to teach your sister in the morning.
10. She will have to bring some mangoes from the market.
11. He has learnt all the lessons.
12. Nobody saw the tiger in recent days.
13. They celebrate Deepawali in the month of October/November.
14. Nobody can do it.
15. People understand Hindi all over the country.
16. We must look into the matter.
17. Has anybody answered this difficult question?
18. Shut all the gates.
19. Why should you not believe me?
20. Please keep off the grass.
Answers to Practice Exercise: 5:
1. He is taken for his brother.
2. This need not have been done by you.
3. The books are being checked by the teacher.
4. Tea is being made by her in the kitchen.
5. Stories were being written by the boys in the class.
6. You will not be helped by her in your work.
7. Letters could not be written by you to my friends.
8. Food must be prepared by your mother before your father comes.
9. Your sister will have to be taught by you in the morning.
10. Some mangoes will have to be brought by her from the market.
11. All the lessons have been learnt by him.
12. The tiger was not seen in recent days.
13. Deepawali is celebrated in the month of October/November.
14. It cannot be done.
15. Hindi is understood, all over the country.
16. The matter must be looked into
17. Has this difficult question been answered ?
18. Let all the gates be shut.
19. Why should I not be believed by you?
20. The grass may please be kept off.
PRACTICE EXERCISE : 6
1. The State Bank of India is going to open a new branch in Shakti Nagar.
2. I am going to start a new lesson today.
3. The Health Ministry is going to open a new 'Family Welfare Centre' in the town.
4. The doctor is going to operate upon the patient.
5. The judge is going to hear the case after lunch break.
6. Do you want a pencil?
7. Have you posted my letter?
8. Did the nurse help your mother in the hospital ?
9. Has he painted the door?
10. Does he disturb me often?
11. Who teaches you English?
12. Who created this universe?
13. Write a letter to the Collector.
14. Arrest this thief.
15. Please take down my address.
16. Don't waste your money.
17. Let her make tea for the guests.
18. Do this work.
19. Help the poor.
20. Leave this book on the table.
Answers to Practice Exercise : 6:
1. A new branch is going to be opened in Shakti Nagar by the State Bank of India,
2. A new lesson is going to be started by me today.
3. A new Centre' is going to be opened in the town by the Health Ministry.
4. The patient is going to be operated upon.
5. The case is going to be heard after lunch break.
6. Is a pencil wanted by you?
7. Has my letter been posted by you ?
8. Was your mother helped by the nurse in the hospital?
9. Has the door been painted by him?
10. Am I often disturbed by him? (Note: often'- Adverb)
11. By whom are you taught English?
12. By whom was this universe created?
13. Let a letter be written to the Collector.
14. Let this thief be arrested.
15. My address may please be taken down.
16. Let your money not be wasted.
17. Let tea be made by her for the guests.
18. Let this work be done.
19. Let the poor be helped.
20. Let this book be left on the table.
PRACTICE EXERCISE : 7
Change the following sentences into Passive Voice :
1. The Education Minister will launch a new policy.
2. Hari has learnt all the poems.
3. You have spoiled my new dress.
4. We can speak English.
5. Nobody watered the plants.
6. Mr. Verma teaches us Hindi.
7. Somebody is helping the blind man.
8. He gave me a beautiful book.
9. Somebody is cleaning the room at the moment.
10. How do people learn languages?
11. The Principal will announce the date of the tour next week.
12. Somebody has stolen my pen in the class.
13. My younger sister cleans this room daily.
14. They are opening a new school in the town next month.
15. The President awarded him the Mahaveer Chakra.
Answers to Practice Exercise: 7:
1. A new policy will be launched by the Education Minister.
2. All the poems have been learnt by Hari.
3. My new dress has been spoiled by you.
4. English can be spoken.
5. The plants were not watered.
6. Hindi is taught to us by Mr. Verma. Or We are taught Hindi by Mr. Verma.
7: The blind man is being helped.
8. I was given a beautiful book by him.
9. The room is being cleaned at the moment.
10. How are languages learnt ?
11. The date of the tour will be announced by the Principal next week.
12. My pen has been stolen in the class.
13. This room is daily cleaned by my younger sister.
14. A new school is being opened in the town next month.
15. He was awarded the Mahaveer Chakra by the President.
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