TENSES
Tense | what is tense? | Which type of tense?
Kinds of Tenses : काल के प्रकार
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1. Tense-Tense is an indicator of the form of a verb in correspondence to our
concept of time.
हमारी समय की अवधारणा के अनुरूप tense क्रिया की form को इंगित करता है।
2. TimeTime is a universal concept with three divisions ---
Present, Past and Future. समय एक सार्वभौम अवधारणा है जिसके तीन प्रकार हैं- वर्तमान, भूत व भविष्य |
3. Difference between Tense and Time-Present Tenses doesn't always indicate Present Time because these also indicate Past Time, Future Time and Timeless state or action. In the same way, Past Tenses can indicate Present Time and Future Time. Future Tenses can also indicate Present Time and Past Time. See examples:
(i) Present Tenses हमेशा वर्तमान समय को ही इंगित नहीं करते हैं क्योंकि वे भूतकाल, भविष्यकाल व समय-रहित (शाश्वत) स्थिति या कार्य को भी इंगित करते हैं । इसी प्रकार
(ii) Past Tenses वर्तमान काल व भविष्य काल को भी इंगित करते हैं।
(iii) Future Tenses वर्तमान काल व भूतकाल को भी इंगित करते हैं।
उदाहरण देखें :
1. Simple Present indicating Past Time : (historic present ) ( ऐतिहासिक वर्तमान)
In that film, the truth wins ultimately.
(Past Time) (Present Tense)
India gets freedom on 15 Aug., 1947.
(Present Tense) (Past Time)
2. Present Perfect indicating Past Time : ( Showing past possibility) (भूतकाल की सम्भावना)
The students have already revised their lessons.
(Past Time ) (Present Perfect Tense)
Our team may have won the championship. (past possibility)
(Present Perfect )
3. Simple Present indicating Future Time : (planned action) (नियोजित कार्य )
The President visits Pushkar next month.
(Present Tense) (Future Time )
4. Present Progressive indicating Future Time: (planned action going to happen shortly) (नियोजित कार्य जो होने ही वाला है)
The C.M. is arriving Jodhpur tomorrow.
(Present Progressive) (Future Time)
5. Present Perfect indicating Future Time:
After you have passed this class, you will be promoted to the next one.
(Present Perfect) (Future Time)
6. Simple Present indicating timeless state or action: ( हमेशा होने वाले वाला कार्य )
The moon moves round the earth.
(Simple Present) (timeless action)
7. Simple Past indicating Present Time:
It's time we left for home. (It is time to leave for home.)
(Present Time) (Past Tense)
( घर चलने का समय हो गया है ।)
I wish I stood first. (काश ! मैं प्रथम आ जाऊँ।)
(Present Time) (Past Tense)-
8. Simple Past indicating Future Time :
She might come next Sunday.
(Past) (Future Time)
He said that he would reach the following week.
(Past) (Future Time)
9. Simple Future indicating Present Time :
He will be about nineteen. (सम्भव है वह 19 वर्ष का है ।)
(Future) (Present Time)
10. Future Perfect indicating Past Time:
She will have passed X class by now.
(Future Perfect) (Past Time - अब से पहले)
Forms of Verbs-There are normally three forms of verbs. (क्रिया की सामान्यत: तीन forms होती हैं ।)
I Form: इसे Base Form कहते हैं। यदि इसके अन्त में 's' जोड़ा जाता है तो इसे 's' form कहते हैं। और यदि इसके अन्त में 'ing' जोड़ा जाता है तो इसे 'ing' form या present participle form कहते हैं ।
II Form: इसे Past Tense Form कहते हैं ।
III Form: इसे Past Participle Form कहते हैं ।
Kinds of Verbs-
(A) Verb-form की दृष्टि से verb दो प्रकार की होती है-
1. Weak Verbs – इनके Past Tense Form के अन्त में d, -ed या t होता है। जैसे— [save- saved, help-helped, send-sent]
2. Strong Verbs—इन verbs की II form व III form बनाने के लिए -d, ed या t जोड़ने की आवश्यकता न हो। जैसे-give-gave-given.
(B) एक अन्य प्रकार से भी verb दो प्रकार की होती है-
1. Regular Verbs—वे verbs जिनकी past tense form व् past participle form
-d या -ed जोड़ा जाता है | जैसे - wave-waved-waved, call-called-called.
Kinds of Tenses :
1. Present Tense:
(i) Simple Present / Present Indefinite
(ii) Present Progressive / Present Continuous
(iii) Present Perfect
(iv) Present Perfect Progressive (Continuous)
2. Past Tense:
(i) Simple Past
(ii) Past Progressive
(iii) Past Perfect
(iv) Past Perfect Progressive
3. Future Tense:
(i) Simple Future
(ii) Future Progressive
(iii) Future Perfect
(iv) Future Perfect Progressive
I. PRESENT TENSE
1. SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE
(A) Affirmative Sentences: साधारण वाक्य
Sentence Structure: वाक्य संरचना
Subject (कर्ता) + Verb (क्रिया) + Object (कर्म) / + Adverb (s) (क्रिया – विशेषण )
Examples: उदाहरण-
१. स्वामी के सहपाठी सम्मान से उसकी ओर देखते हैं ।
Swami's classmates look at him with respect.
२. लेखक भारतीय समाज की तस्वीर पेश करता है।
The writer presents the picture of the Indian society.
३. मैं घर जल्दी लौटता हूँ ।
I return home early.
४. स्वामी के माता-पिता अच्छे हैं ।
Swami's parents are good.
५. स्वामी सेंधमार को पकड़ता है।
Swami catches the house-breaker.
६. दादी स्वामी से प्रेम रखती है।
Granny has love for Swami.
Rules : नियम- (i) हमेशा verb की first form, प्रयोग करें। देखें वाक्य संख्या 1 से 6 तक ।
(ii) यदि वाक्य का Subject, Third Person Singular (He, She, It या name of one person or
thing) है तो Verb की I form के अन्त में 's' या 'es' लगायें । देखें वाक्य संख्या 2 व 5:
(iii) यदि verb का अन्तिम अक्षर o, x, sh, ch, ss हो तो 'es' का प्रयोग करें। शेष सभी Verbs के साथ 's' का प्रयोग करें। देखें वाक्य संख्या 2 व 4:
(iv) यदि क्रिया 'स्थिति' (state) बता रही हो तो is/are/am का प्रयोग करें व 'स्वामित्व' (possession) के लिए has / have का प्रयोग करें। देखें वाक्य संख्या 4 व 6.
(B) Negative Sentences: (नकारात्मक वाक्य) - Sentence Structure: (वाक्य संरचना)
S + do/does + not + V-I + o + Adv.
Examples: उदाहरण
1. मैं अंधेरा पसन्द नहीं करता हूँ ।
I do not like darkness.
2. सहपाठी अब स्वामी का निरादर नहीं करते हैं ।
Classmates do not disrespect Swami now.
3. पिता, स्वामी को लाड़-प्यार नहीं करते हैं ।
Father does not mollycoddle Swami.
Rules: नियम - (i) यदि sentence का subject (कर्ता) Third Person Singular (He, She, It या name of one person or thing) है तो does सहायक क्रिया (Helping Verb) का use करें । देखें वाक्य संख्या 3.
(ii) यदि sentence का subject (कर्ता) First Person (I, We) या Second Person (You) या Plural (बहुवचन) है तो do सहायक क्रिया (Helping Verb) का use करें । देखें वाक्य संख्या 1 व 2. (iii) हमेशा verb की First Form का use करें । देखें वाक्य संख्या 1 से 3 तक ।
(C) Interrogative Sentences : ( प्रश्नवाचक वाक्य ) ( सहायक क्रिया वाले) - Sentence Structure : (वाक्य संरचना )
H.V. (Do/Does) + S + V-I + O + Adv.? Examples: उदाहरण
1. क्या आप अपने वतन से प्रेम करते हैं?
Do you love your country?
2. क्या सहपाठी अब भी स्वामी का आदर करते हैं?
Do classmates respect Swami now?
3. क्या पिता स्वामी को लाड़-प्यार नहीं करते हैं? Does father mollycoddle Swami?
Rules: नियम- (i) Does का use (प्रयोग) Third Person Singular Subjects के साथ करें। (ii) Do का प्रयोग Plural Subjects व I के साथ करें ।
(iii) Verb की First Form का use करें ।
(iv) वाक्य के अन्त में प्रश्नवाचक चिह्न का use करें ।
(D) Interrogatives with ‘Wh' words: 'Wh' शब्द से आरम्भ होने वाले प्रश्नवाचक वाक्य: Sentence Structure: (वाक्य संरचना)
‘Wh’ + HV (do/does) + S + V-I + O + Adv.?
What (क्या), Which (कौनसा), Who ( कौन), Whose (किसका ), Whom (किसे), Why (क्यों), When (कब), Where (कहाँ), How ( कैसे ) । Examples: उदाहरण
1. आप क्या चाहते हैं ?
What do you want?
2. उसे अब कौनसी पुस्तक की आवश्यकता है ?
Which book does she need now?
3. जीवन में असफलताएँ कौन चाहता है ?
Who wants failures in life?
नोट : ‘सकारात्मक सूचना' वाले प्रश्नवाचक वाक्य में Who के पश्चात् H. V. का use नहीं होता है।
4. अब तुम्हें किसके मार्गदर्शन की आवश्यकता है ?
Whose guidance do you need now?
नोट : Which व Whose के पश्चात् सामान्यतः noun (संज्ञा) का use होता है ।
5. आप किससे मिलना चाहते हैं ?
Whom do you want to meet?
Rules : नियम (i) सर्वप्रथम 'Wh' word का use करें ।
(ii) फिर, नियमानुसार do/does का use करें ।
(iii) Sentence के end में sign of interrogation (?) का use करें ।
(iv) Verb की first form का use करें ।
(E) Negative- Interrogative Sentences : ( नकारात्मक प्रश्नवाचक वाक्य ) Sentence Structure : (वाक्य संरचना)
Don't/Doesn't + Sub. + V-I + O + adv.? Or ‘Wh' word + don't/doesn't + S + V-I + O + adv. ?
Examples: उदाहरण
1. क्या आप अपने वतन से प्रेम नहीं करते हैं ?
Don't you love your country ?
2. वह अब अपने माता-पिता का आदर क्यों नहीं करता है ?
Why doesn't he respect his parents now ?
(F) Usages : (प्रयोग)
(i) With Habitual/Regular actions : आदतन / नियमित कार्य
1. स्वामी प्रतिदिन अपनी दादी के पास सोता है।
Swami sleeps daily with his granny.
2. प्रकृति बसन्त में आकर्षक रूप ग्रहण कर लेती है ।
Nature wears a good look in spring.
3. पक्षी आकाश में उड़ते हैं।
Birds fly in the sky.
(ii) With Universal Truth: सार्वभौम सत्य
1. पृथ्वी सूर्य के चारों ओर घूमती है।
The earth moves round the sun.
(iii) With future planned programmes : भावी नियोजित कार्यक्रम
1. प्रधानमन्त्री कल जयपुर आएंगे।
The Prime Minister visits Jaipur tomorrow.
2. मेरे पिता अगले माह सेवानिवृत्त होंगे।
My father retires next month.
3. अभिनेत्री कल उदयपुर पहुँचेगी, फिल्म स्टूडियो का उद्घाटन करेगी व उस ही दिन वापस चली जायेगी ।
The actress reaches Udaipur tomorrow, inaugurates the film studio and goes back the same day.
(iv) With inherent qualities : जन्मजात गुण
1. माँ अपने बच्चों से प्रेम करती है।
A mother loves her children.
(v) With Scientific or Spiritual or other Principles and theories: वैज्ञानिक या आध्यात्मिक या अन्य सिद्धान्तों के साथ
1. जल में हाइड्रोजन व ऑक्सीजन होता है।
Water contains hydrogen and oxygen.
2. ईश्वर जन्म नहीं लेते हैं|
God doesn't take birth.
3. एक वर्ग के चार भुजाएँ होती हैं।
A square has four sides.
(vi) With quotations, proverbs etc. : कथन, कहावतें आदि
1. गाँधी कहते हैं, 'अहिंसा सर्वोच्च गुण है ।'
Gandhi says, ‘Non-violence is the supreme virtue. '
2. सभी चीज जो चमकती है, सोना नहीं होती है ।
All that glitters, is not gold.
(vii) In Newspaper Headlines : समाचार पत्र की सुर्खियाँ
1. प्रदूषण ने बीमारियाँ बढाई।
Pollution increases ailments.
2. सरकार ने प्राइवेट कॉलोनियों को नियमित करने का फैसला किया : मुख्यमन्त्री
Govt. decides to regularize the private colonies: Chief Minister
(viii) In running commentaries : आँखों देखा हाल सुनाने में
1. गेंदबाज ने गेंद फेंकी, किन्तु बल्लेबाज ने एक चौका मारा।
The bowler bowls but the batsman hits a four.
(ix) To narrate past events effectively (historic present) : भूतकाल की घटनाओं का प्रभावी वर्णन करने के लिए
1. उस फिल्म में, विलेन ने हीरो को मारा, किन्तु उसने अपनी रक्षा की।
In that film, the villain hits the hero, but he defends himself.
2. भारत ने 1947 में स्वतन्त्रता प्राप्त की ।
India wins freedom in 1947.
(x) With Verbs of perception : अवबोधनात्मक क्रियाओं के साथ (notice, see, watch, feel, hear, smell, taste etc.)
1. क्या आपको अन्तरात्मा की चुभन महसूस हो रही है ?
Do you feel the pricks of conscience?
2. मैं आपकी आँखों में प्रेम देख रहा हूँ ।
I notice love in your eyes.
(xi) With verbs of cognition (knowing) : संज्ञानात्मक क्रियाओं के साथ
(know, suppose, remember, forget, believe, mean, think, understand, trust)
1. क्या आप भाग्य में विश्वास करते हैं ?
Do you believe in fate?
(xii) With verbs of emotion : भावनात्मक क्रियाओं के साथ
(love, hate, anger, fear, desire, hope, like, want, wish, mind, prefer )
1. मैं अच्छे परिणाम की आशा कर रहा हूँ ।
I hope for the best result.
2. वह मुझे बहुत प्रेम करती है।
She loves me much.
(xiii) With some miscellaneous verbs : अन्य विविध क्रियाओं के साथ (appear, seem, resemble, matter, consist of, contain, deserve)
1. वह एक अभिनेत्री लग रही है।
She appears to be an actress.
2. जग में दूध है ।
The jug contains milk.
(xiv) With Conditional-Imperative : सशर्त-आदेशात्मक
1. कठिन परिश्रम करें यदि आप सफलता चाहते हैं ।
Work hard if you want success.
2. खड़े हो जाना जब शिक्षक कक्षा में आये ।
Stand up when the teacher comes to class.
(xv) Negative Imperative : नकारात्मक आदेशात्मक
1. शोर न करें ।
Don't make a noise.
EXERCISE : 1
(Test Type: Gap-filling)
Rewrite the following sentences using correct forms of verbs given in brackets :
1. He always...........his will. (will = वसीयतनामा)
(a) change (b) changes
(c) changed (d) changing
2. The minister..........in Ajmer at 3 p.m. on Sunday.
(a) arrive (b) arrived
(c) arrives (b) arriving
3. Cuckoos........nests.
(a) does not make (b) not maked
(c) do not make (b) not making
4. The earth..........round the sun.
(a) move (b) moved
(c) moves (d) is moving
5. Bad students never..........hard.
(a) work (b) works
(c) worked (d) are work
6. Stand up when the Principal..........to the lecture theatre.
(a) come (b) comes
(c) came (d) is coming
7. Water..........at 100°C.
(a) boil (b) boils
(c) do boil (d) does boil
8. The annual examination..........next week.
(a) start (b) starting
(c) started (d) starts
9. My mother usually..........up before me.
(a) wake (b) waking
(c) wakes (d) waked
10. We..........to school on Sundays.
(a) do not go (b) does not go
(c) not go (d) not going
11. The doctor..........the patient every day.
(a) visit (b) visits
(c) visited (d) visiting
12. Rohit always..........in the evening.
(a) play (b) plays
(c) played (d) playing
13. A teacher is a person who..........student.
(a) teach (b) teached
(c) taught (d) teaching
14. Our principal..........disciplined students.
(a) praise (b) praises
(c) praised (d) praising
15. An advocate is a person who..........case in a court.
(a) argue (b) argues
(c) argued (d) aruing
16. In Rajasthan we usually...........rain in July.
(a) have (b) had
(c) has (d) have raining
17. Farmers.......... ploughing with pre-monsoon rain.
(a) starts (b) start
(c) started (d) starting
18. They..........for the rain.
(a) waits (b) waited
(c) wait (d) waiting
19. When it..........in time, they get nervous.
(a) does not come (b) do not come
(c) not come (d) did not come
20. People........drinking water.
(a) not get (b) does not get
(c) do not get (d) not gets
21. Famines and droughts..........common in Rajasthan.
(a) are (b) is
(c) do (d) does
Solutions to Exercise: 1
1. changes (यह वाक्य habitual action बता रहा है ।)
2. arrives (यह वाक्य definite planned action of future बता रहा है।)
3. do not make (यह वाक्य inherent qualities बता रहा है ।)
4. moves (यह वाक्य universal truth बता रहा है ।)
5. work (universal truth)
6. comes (conditional-imperative 1)
7. boils (यह वाक्य scientific fact बता रहा है ।)
8. starts (यह वाक्य definite planned action of future बता रहा है ।)
9. wakes (habitual action )
10. do not go (habitual/regular action)
11. visits (regular action)
12. plays (habitual action)
13. teaches (universal truth)
14. praises (habitual action)
15. argues (universal truth)
16. have [यह वाक्य state (स्थिति) बता रहा है ।]
17. start (regular action )
18. wait (regular action )
19. does not come (conditional sentence)
20. do not get (regular action)
21. are (यह वाक्य state बता रहा है ।)
2. PRESENT PROGRESSIVE TENSE
(A) Affirmative Sentences : साधारण वाक्य
Sentence Structure (वाक्य संरचना) : S + HV + (-ing form) + O + adv.
1. अमृतादेवी का बलिदान लोगों को प्रेरित कर रहा है।
Amritadevi's sacrifice is inspiring people.
2. बिश्नोई आज भी 29 सिद्धान्तों का पालन कर रहे हैं।
Bishnois are following the 29 tenets even today.
3. मैं वृक्षों के संरक्षण का निवेदन कर रहा हूँ ।
I am pleading for the preservation of trees.
Rules : नियम—(i) हमेशा verb की ing form का use करें । देखें वाक्य 1 से 3 तक ।
(ii) Helping Verb (सहायक क्रिया ) is का use (प्रयोग) Singular subjects (एकवचन कर्त्ता ) के साथ करें । देखें वाक्य संख्या एक ।
(iii) Helping Verb, 'are' का use plural subjects (बहुवचन कर्त्ता) के साथ करें। देखें वाक्य संख्या 2. (iv) Helping Verb, 'am' का use (प्रयोग) '1' के साथ करें । देखें वाक्य संख्या 3.
(B) Negative Sentences : नकारात्मक वाक्य Sentence Structure (वाक्य संरचना) :
S + HV + not + V (ing form) + O + adv.
1. बिश्नोई हरे वृक्ष नहीं काट रहे हैं।
Bishnois are not hacking green trees.
नोट : इन वाक्यों में H.V. के बाद केवल not का use करना है। शेष नियम उपर्युक्तानुसार रखें।
(C) Interrogative Sentences : प्रश्नवाचक वाक्य Sentence Structure : वाक्य संरचना
HV + S + V (-ing form) + O + adv.?
Or
‘Wh' word + HV + S + V + O + adv.?
1. क्या लोग बिश्नोइयों से प्रेरणा प्राप्त कर रहे हैं ?
Are people getting inspiration from Bishnois ?
2. लोग हरे वृक्ष क्यों काट रहे हैं ?
Why are people hacking green trees?
(D) Negative-Interrogative Sentences : नकारात्मक प्रश्नवाचक वाक्य Sentence Structure : वाक्य संरचना
‘Wh’ word + HV + n't + S + V (-ing form) + O + adv. ?
Or
HV + n't+S+V+O+ adv. ?
1. क्या इन दिनों मैं आपकी सहायता नहीं कर रहा हूँ ? Ain't (am not) I helping you these days?
2. वह क्या नहीं कर रहा है ?
What isn't he doing?
(E) Usages:
(i) Actions, continue at the time of speaking. (उन कार्यों के साथ जो बोलते वक्त जारी हैं |)
1. वह इस समय समाचार सुन रही है ।
She is listening to the news at this time.
(ii) Actions, continue presently. (कार्य जो बोलते वक्त तो नहीं किन्तु वर्तमान में जारी हैं ।)
मैं इन दिनों एक पुस्तक लिख रहा हूँ ।
I am writing a book these days.
(iii) Definite planned action in near future. (नजदीक भविष्य का नियोजित कार्य । )
वे अगले सोमवार को आएँगे ।
They are coming on next Monday.
(iv) When the following verbs indicate change of present state/situation. ( परिस्थिति परिवर्तन की सूचना के लिए) (become, turn, get, go, grow, take etc.)
जल धीरे-धीरे बर्फ में परिवर्तित हो रहा है ।
Water is slowly turning into ice.
(v) With 'always'; chiefly in the affirmative; for a frequently repeated action which annoys the speaker. शब्द ‘always' के साथ; मुख्य रूप से साधारण वाक्य में; बारंबारता वाला कार्य जो वक्ता की चिड़चिड़ाहट दर्शा रहा हो ।
वह हमेशा शिकायत करता रहता है ।
He is always complaining.
मैं वह त्रुटि हमेशा करता रहता हूँ ।
I am always making that mistake.
EXERCISE : 2
(Test Type: Gap-filling)
Rewrite the following sentences using correct forms of verbs given in brackets
in Present Continuous Tense :
1. Listen! Someone..........to open the gate.
(a) try (b) tries
(c) is trying (d) was trying
2. Students..........computer and information technology these days.
(a) learns (b) is learning
(c) are learning (d) learnt
3. We..........a cricket match at this moment.
(a) watch (b) watches
(c) are watching (d) watched
4. I..........a coat today because the sun is not shining.
(a) wear (b) wears
(c) am wearing (d) is wearing
5. She..........exercises on tenses now.
(a) do (b) does
(c) is doing (d) none of these
6. Mrs. Mathur..........her fiftieth wedding anniversary next week.
(a) celebrate (b) celebrates
(c) is celebrating (d) are celebrating
7. They..........wedding preparation today.
(a) make (b) made
(c) is making (d) are making
8. Ravi..........money to buy a new car.
(a) save (b) saves
(c) are saving (d) is saving
9. The prices of essential commodities............. day by day
(a) rise (b) are rising
(c) is rising (d) am rising
10. Town...........into cities these days.
(a) change (b) is changing
(c) changed (d) are changing
11. Nature..........us each and everything.
(a) gives (b) give
(c) is giving (d) are giving
12. It can..........the man's needs not his greed.
(a) fulfil (b) fulfils
(c) is fulfilling (d) are fulfilling
13. Trees... ..rains.
(a) is attracting (b) attracts
(c) attract (d) are attracting
14. Fertile land..........into baren land for want of trees.
(a) turn (b) turns
(c) is turning (d) are turning
15. Rainy water...........away the upper part of land.
(a) wash (b) is washing
(c) are washing (d) washes
16. Every year govt. …………... 'Van-Mahotsava Day'.
(a) is celebrating (b) are celebrating
(c) celebrated (d) celebrates
17. Now people.......very cautious against the danger that is likely to overtake us.
(a) get (b) getting
(c) is getting (d) are getting
Solutions to Exercise : 2
1. is trying [इस वाक्य में at the time of speaking (बोलते वक्त) action (कार्य) जारी है । ]
2. are learning (कार्य वर्तमान में जारी है, continue presently )
3. are watching (action, continue at the time of speaking)
4. am wearing (action, continue at the time of speaking)
5. is doing (action continue at the time of speaking)
6. is celebrating (definite planned action in near future) on fulforn and
7. are making (action continue at the time of speaking)
8. is saving (action continue presently)
9. are rising (action continue presently)
10. are changing (action continue presently)
11. gives (regular action)
12. fulfil [modal (can) के बाद bare infinitive ( verb के I-form) का use होता है । ]
13. attract (scientific fact)
14. turns (scientific fact)
15. washes (universal truth/scientific fact)
16. celebrates (regular action)
17. are getting (action continue presently)
3. PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
(A) Affirmative Sentences : साधारण वाक्य
Sentence Structure: S + HV + V-III + O + adv.
1. मैंने जूतों की दुकान में बहुत कुछ सीखा है।
I have learnt a lot at the shoe store.
2. हम उच्च महाराजा को देख चुके हैं।
We have seen the high-Maharajah.
3. उसने अपने अच्छे दाएँ हाथ में विश्वास रखा है।
He has believed in his good right hand.
Rules (नियम) : (i) सहायक क्रिया has का प्रयोग Third Person Singular Subjects के साथ करें। (ii) सहायक क्रिया have का प्रयोग I व Plural (बहुवचन) Subjects के साथ करें।
(iii) Verb Past Participle Form (III Form)
(B) Negative Sentences : नकारात्मक वाक्य Sentence Structure:
S+H.V.+ not + V-III + O + adv.
1. हंसनी रानी ने वृद्ध दम्पति को नुकसान नहीं पहुँचाया है।
The swan queen has not harmed the old couple.
2. कर्मवीर ने शत्रू से युद्ध नहीं किया है।
Karmveer has not fought with the enemy.
(C) Interrogative Sentences : प्रश्नवाचक वाक्य Sentence Structure (वाक्य संरचना) :
HV+S+V-III +O+ adv. ?
Or
‘Wh' word + HV + S + V-III + O + adv. ?
1. क्या उत्तंक ने गुरुदक्षिणा दी है ?
Has Uttanka given Gurudakshina?
2. ऊँट को अपना हम्प कैसे प्राप्त हुआ है ?
How has the camel got its hump?
(D) Negative- Interrogative Sentences : नकारात्मक प्रश्नवाचक वाक्य Sentence Structure : ( वाक्य संरचना) :
HV-n't + S + V-III + O + adv. ? Or
‘Wh' word + 2HV-n't + S + V-III + O + adv. ?
1. क्या डॉक्टर पी. के. सेठी ने जयपुर फुट नहीं दिया है ?
Hasn't Dr. P.K. Sethi given Jaipur-foot ?
2. जोखू ने शुद्ध जल क्यों नहीं पीया है ?
Why hasn't Jokhoo drunk pure water ?
(E) Usages : प्रयोग
(i) With an action completed in the recent past and has its effect in the present. ऐसे कार्य के साथ जो पूरा हो चुका है और वर्तमान में भी इसका प्रभाव है।
1. उत्तंक ने पहले ही गुरुदक्षिणा दे दी है।
Uttanka has already given Gurudakshina.
वर्तमान प्रभाव — अब उत्तंक को गुरुदक्षिणा देने की आवश्यकता नहीं है ।
2. बिश्नोइयों ने लम्बे समय से हरे वृक्षों की रक्षा की है।
Bishnois have protected green trees for a long time.
3. वह सोमवार से कक्षा में उपस्थित नहीं हुआ है।
He has not attended classes since Monday.
(ii) In adverb clause of time when the main clause is in future tense.
जब मुख्य क्लउज future tense में हो तो adverb clause of time में इस tense का use करें ।
1. हम यहाँ तब तक रुकेंगे जब तक कि शिक्षक वापस न आ जाए ।
We shall stay here till the teacher has returned.
2. जब गर्मी कम हो जायेगी, मैं बाहर जाऊँगा ।
When the heat has lessened, I shall go out.
(iii) With repeated actions ( बारंबारता वाले कार्य में)
1. हम उदयपुर की यात्रा अनेक बार कर चुके हैं ।
We have visited Udaipur lots of times.
(iv) To denote ‘state' ('स्थिति' बताने के लिए)
1. मैं आपके बारे में हमेशा जानता रहा हूँ।
I have always known about you.
(v) With ‘since' and 'for’ (since व for के साथ)
‘Since’ is used for 'point of time' and 'for' is used for 'period of time'.
1. मैं 10 घंटे पढ़ चुका हूँ।
I have studied for ten hours.
2. मैं सुबह 10 बजे से खेलता रह चुका हूँ। (अब 3 बज चुके)
I have played since 10 in the morning.
EXERCISE : 3
(Test Type: Gap-filling)
Rewrite the following sentences using the correct forms of the verb given in brackets :
1. Someone..........him to report for duty.
(a) informed (b) has informed
(c) have informed (d) informes
2. You already..........her.
(a) meet (b) met
(c) has met (d) have met
3. You ever........ "War and Peace' ?
(a) read (b) reads
(c) have read (d) has read
4. She...........four cups of tea so far.
(a) take (b) taken
(c) have taken (d) has taken
5. I see you just..........your hair cut.
(a) have had (b) has had
(c) had (d) is had
6. She already..........the bell twice.
(a)has ring (b) has rung
(c) have ring (d) had ring
7. I..........her since Monday.
(a) have not see (b) has not seen
(c) have not seen (d) none of these
8. Anu..........from Ajmer yet.
(a) has not return (b) have not return
(c) has not returned (d) have not returned
9. Neetu is looking for mushrooms but she..........any.
(a) has not found (b) have not found
(c) have not find (d) has not find
10. We are tired. We..........ten kilometers.
(a) walked (b) has walked
(c) have walked (d) has walk
Solutions : हल
1. has informed (recent past पूरा हुआ है और वर्तमान में इसका प्रभाव पड़ रहा है।)
2. have met (‘already' adverb है अत: अक्सर इस tense का use करते हैं ।)
3. have read (‘ever' adverb के साथ अक्सर इस tense का use करते हैं ।)
4. has taken (‘so far' adverb के साथ अक्सर इस tense का use करते हैं ।)
5. have had ('just' adverb)
6. has rung (already' adverb)
7. have not seen (since + time है व recent past का कार्य है ।)
8. has not returned ('yet' adverb)
9. has not found (‘but' conjunction है व recent past का कार्य है ।)
10. have walked (recent past action)
4. PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE TENSE
(A) Affirmative Sentences : साधारण वाक्य
Sentence Structure : वाक्य संरचना
S+ HV (has been/have been) +V-ing +O+ since/for + time.
1. पंडित रवि शंकर बचपन से सितार बजा रहे हैं ।
Pandit Ravi Shanker has been playing Sitar since childhood.
2. पंडित भीमसेन जोशी, पंडित रविशंकर वबाला सरस्वती वर्षों से संगीत को समृद्ध कर रहे हैं।
Pandit Bhimsen Joshi, Pandit Ravishanker and Bala Saraswati have been enriching music for years.
Rules (नियम) : (i) हमेशा क्रिया की ing-form का use करें।
(ii) सहायक क्रिया (Helping verb) has been का use, Third Person Singular Subjects के साथ करें व have been का use, I व Plural Subjects के साथ करें ।
(iii) Preposition ‘since' का प्रयोग point of time (निश्चित समय) के साथ करें, जैसे-
since 3 o'clock (घड़ी का समय )
since Monday (दिन का नाम)
since 10 March (दिन व तारीख )
since July ( महीने का नाम)
since 1990 (सन्)
since morning
since evening
since night (since last night)
since noon
since yesterday
since last (week, month)
since birth (जन्म से )
since (he came ) जबसे (वह आया है)
since (he went) जबसे ( वह गया है)
लेकिन for the last (week, month)
(iv) Preposition 'for' का use period of time (समयावधि ) के साथ करें, जैसे—
for three hours तीन घण्टे से (घण्टे)
for two weeks दो सप्ताह से (सप्ताह)
for seven months सात महीने से (महीने)
for two years दो वर्षों से (वर्ष)
(B) Negative Sentences : नकारात्मक वाक्य Sentence Structure : वाक्य संरचना
S + HV (has not been / have not been) + V-ing + O + since/for+time
1. मैं वर्षों से फिल्म नहीं देख रहा हूँ।
I haven't been watching film for years.
कश्मीर घाटी में 1947 से ही रेलगाड़ी नहीं चल रही है।
Train has not been plying in Kashmir valley since 1947.
नोट : not का use, been से पहले करें। शेष नियम उपर्युक्तानुसार।
(C) Interrogative Sentences : प्रश्नवाचक वाक्य Sentence Structure : वाक्य संरचना
Has/Have + S + been + V-ing + O + since/for + time ?
Or
‘Wh' word + has / have + S + been + V-ing + O + since / for+time ?
1. क्या उत्तंक वर्षों से गुरुकुल में शिक्षा ग्रहण कर रहा है ?
Has Uttanka been receiving education in the Gurukul for years?
2. आतंकवादी वर्षों से हिंसा क्यों फैला रहे हैं ?
Why have terrorists been spreading violence for years?
(D) Negative - Interrogative Sentences : नकारात्मक - प्रश्नात्मक वाक्य Sentence Structure : वाक्य संरचना
Hasn't/Haven't + S + been + V-ing + O + since/for + time?
Or
‘Wh' word + hasn't/haven't + S + been + V -ing + O + since/for+time?
1. क्या अमीर वर्षों से गरीबों का शोषण नहीं कर रहे हैं ?
Haven't the rich been exploiting the poor for years?
2. सभी विद्यार्थी जुलाई से ही कठिन परिश्रम क्यों नहीं कर रहे हैं ?
Why haven't all the students been working hard since July?
(E) Usages : प्रयोग
(i) With an action began sometime in the past and is still continue. ऐसे कार्य के साथ जो भूतकाल में किसी समय आरम्भ हुआ और अभी भी जारी है।
1. वे साधु आधे घण्टे से भजन गा रहे हैं ।
Those saints have been singing hymns for half an hour.
2. आप कब से बीमारी से ग्रसित हो रहे हैं ?
Since when have you been suffering from the disease?
(ii) With the actions being repeated by now. अब तक repeat किए जा रहे actions के साथ ।
1. वे भौतिक विज्ञान की सायंकालीन कक्षाओं में जा रहे हैं।
They have been going to evening classes in Physics.
(iii) With the actions/situations just stopped. हाल ही बंद हुए कार्य / स्थितियों के साथ ।
1. वह उदास दिख रही है : हाँ, वह रोती रही है।
She looks sad: Yes, she has been weeping.
EXERCISE : 4
(Test Type: Gap-filling)
Supply the correct forms of the verb given in brackets using Present Perfect Continuous Tense :
1. They...........a bridge for over a year and it still isn't finished.
(a) has build (b) have build
(c) has been building (d) have been building
2. She...........computer for six months and she hasn't learnt much yet.
(a) have learnt (b) has been learnt
(c) have been learning (d) has learning
3. The children..........all the afternoon.
(a) has been sleeping (b) have been sleeping
(c) have sleeping (d) has sleepimg
4. The pipe...........for ages. We must get it repaired.
(a) have been leaked (b) has been leaking
(c) have leaking (d) have been leaking
5. ............sausage (कबाब) rolls for the party all the morning.
(a) have been making (b) has been making
(c) has making (d) have making
6. We..........about it for two hours.
(a) has discussing (b) have discussing
(c) have been discussing (d) has been discussing
7. The radio............since 7 a.m. I wish someone could switch it off.
(a) plays (b) has been played
(c) have been playing (d) has been playing
8. I..........with him for ten years and he has never greeted me.
(a) working (b) have been working
(c) has been working (d) is working
9. I am sorry to keep you waiting, I ...........to make a telephone call to Mumbai for sometime.
(a) is trying (b) has been trying
(c) have been trying (d) try
10. Her telephone...........for ten minutes, I wonder why she doesn't answer it.
(a) rings (b) is ringing
(c) has been ringing (d) have been ringing
Solutions : हल
1. have been building (for + time a Perf. Cont. की sense है ।)
2. has been learning (for+time a Perf. Cont. की sense है ।)
3. have been sleeping (all + time a Perf. Cont. की sense है ।)
4. has been leaking (for + time a Perf. Cont. की sense है ।)
5. have been making (all + time a Perf. Cont. की sense है ।)
6. have been discussing (for + time a Perf. Cont. की sense है ।)
7. has been playing (since + time a Perf. Cont. की sense है ।)
8. have been working (for + time a Perf. Cont. की sense है ।)
9. have been trying (for+time a Perf. Cont. की sense है ।)
10. has been ringing (for + time a Perf. Cont. की sense है ।)
II. PAST TENSE
1. SIMPLE PAST TENSE
(A) Affirmative Sentences : साधारण वाक्य Sentence Structure (वाक्य संरचना) :
S+ V-II + O + adv.
1. प्रत्येक ग्राहक ने जूतों की कई जोड़ियाँ खरीदीं।
Each customer bought several pairs of shoes.
2. लेखक ने उस शू-स्टोर में कदम रखा।
The narrator stepped into that shoe store.
Rules (नियम) : (i) साधारण वाक्यों में हमेशा verb की second form का use करें। (ii) उपर्युक्त sentence structure के अनुसार वाक्य बनाएँ।
(B) Negative Sentences : नकारात्मक वाक्य Sentence Structure : ( वाक्य संरचना) :
S+ HV (did) + not + V-I + 0 + adv.
1. विक्रयकर्ता ने व्यावसायिक कौशल नहीं दिखाया।
The salesman did not display professional skills.
2. लेखक ने उस शू-स्टोर में कदम नहीं रखा।
The narrator did not step into that shoe store.
Rules ( नियम ) : (i) सभी subjects के पश्चात् helping verb (सहायक क्रिया) did का use करें । (ii) सभी negative sentences में verb की first form का use करें ।
(iii) Sentence Structure का अनुसरण करें ।
(C) Interrogative Sentences : प्रश्नवाचक वाक्य Sentence Structure : (वाक्य संरचना)
HV (Did) + S + V-I + O + adv.
1. क्या स्वामी ने सेंधमार को पकड़ा ?
Did Swami catch the house-breaker ?
2. किसने नैतिक समस्या से संघर्ष किया ?
Who struggled with an ethical problem?
3. राजा खेजड़ली गाँव कब आया ?
When did the king come to Khejadali village?
नोट : Positive-interrogative में who के बाद verb की II form का use करें ।
(D) Negative-Interrogative Sentences : नकारात्मक - प्रश्नवाचक वाक्य Sentence Structure : ( वाक्य संरचना) :
Didn't + S + V-I + O + adv. ? Or ‘Wh' word + didn't + S + V-I + O + adv. ?
1. क्या श्रीमान् हिल ने विक्रयकर्ता की सहायता नहीं की ?
Didn't Mr. Hill help the salesman ?
2. किसने ब्यूक नहीं जीती ?
Who didn't win the buick ?
3. कंडक्टर ने पिल्ले की आज्ञा क्यों नहीं दी ?
Why didn't the conductor allow the pup ?
नोट : Who वाले वाक्यों में subject का use नहीं होता है ।
(E) Usage : प्रयोग
(i) With past actions when the time of an action is mentioned or implied. ऐसे past actions के साथ जिसमें कार्य का समय या तो बताया गया है या निहित है।
नोट : ago, yesterday, last, previous आदि adverbs का use हो सकता है।
1. गाँधीजी ने काफी वर्ष पहले प्रार्थना पर प्रवचन दिया।
Gandhiji gave a discourse on prayer many years ago.
2. हंसिनी रानी ने अपने पुत्र को अनाथ नहीं छोड़ा।
The swan queen did not leave her son orphan.
3. स्वामी के पिता ने वह समाचार कल क्यों बताया ?
Why did Swami's father tell the news yesterday ?
(ii) In ‘improbable conditional sentences' : असम्भाव्यता- शर्त वाले वाक्यों में :
1. यदि तुम परिश्रम करते तो तुम सफल हो जाते।
If you worked hard, you would pass.
2. काश, मैं पक्षी होता, तो मैं उड़ता ।
Were I a bird, I would fly.
(iii) Use was/were to denote, a 'state'. स्थिति बताने को was / were का प्रयोग करें ।
1. वह सोया हुआ था।
He was asleep.
(iv) With 'Past Habit' by 'used to' ‘Used to' के साथ भूतकाल की आदत बताने के लिए।
1. मैं तब तैरा करता था ।
I then used to swim.
EXERCISE: 5
(Test type: Gap-filling)
Supply the correct form of verb in Past Simple Tense in the following sentences :
1. Last year the government.........a new legislation to check pollution.
(a) introduces (b) introduced
(c) introducing (d) none of these
2. I..........the bus leaving a few minutes ago.
(a) see (b) seen
(c) saw (d) none of these
3. The water in the pond...........last night.
(a) froze (b) freeze
(c) freezes (d) frozen
4. They....... .back very late last night.
(a) gets (b) got
(c) get (d) none of these
5. When ...........here first time, it was quite a lonely area.
(a) comes (b) came
(c) coming (d) come
6. Yesterday ...........you twice but........no response.
(a) ring, get (b) rang, get
(c) rang, got (d) ring, got
7. India..........freedom in 1947.
(a) get (b) got
(c) gets (d) getting
8. I.......... that you.........here.
(a) does not know, was (b) do not know, were
(c) did not know, were (d) did not know, was
9. Where..........you.......this knife ?
(a) do, find (b) does, found
(c) did, find (d) did, found
10. Yesterday I..........home at 8 a.m. and........................back at 12 noon.
(a) leave, get (b) left, get
(c) leave, got (d) left, got
Solutions : हल
1. introduced (वाक्य में adverb, last year आई है ।)
2. saw (ago आया है |)
3. froze (last night आया है |)
4. got (last night आया है| )
5. came (time clause, when से शुरू है व इसमे action, Simple Past में है |)
6. rang, got (yesterday आया है |)
7. got (1947, past time है )
8. did not know, were (वाक्य की sense, simple past की है तथा be की II form, was/were होती है ।)
9. did, find (प्रश्नवाचक वाक्य की sense, simple past की है।)
10. left, got (yesterday आया है |)
2. PAST PROGRESSIVE TENSE
(A) Affirmative Sentences: साधारण वाक्य Sentence Structure : (वाक्य संरचना ) :
S+ HV (was/were) + V-ing + O + adv.
1. मैं शू-स्टोर में उन दिनों बहुत कुछ सीख रहा था ।
I was learning much in the shoe store those days.
2. वे उस समय प्रार्थना के बारे में सीख रहे थे ।
They were learning about the prayer at that time.
Rules (नियम):
(i) Helping verb, was use, singular subjects
(ii) Helping verb, were use, plural subjects
(iii) Verb + ing form का use करें ।
(B) Negative Sentence: नकारात्मक वाक्य Sentence Structure : (वाक्य संरचना) :
S + HV + not + V-ing + O + adv.
1. ठाकुर अपने कुएं से पानी नहीं दे रहा था।
Thakur was not giving water from his well.
2. वे उस समय प्रार्थना के बारे में नहीं सीख रहे थे ।
They were not learning about the prayer at that time.
Note : इन sentences में HV के बाद not का use करें, शेष नियम उपर्युक्तानुसार हैं।
Sentence structure को follow करें ।
(C) Interrogative Sentences : प्रश्नवाचक वाक्य Sentence Structure : ( वाक्य संरचना) :
HV + S + V-ing + O + adv. ?
Or
‘Wh’ word + HV + S + V-ing + O + adv.?
1. क्या काबुलीवाला, मिनी से मित्रता बढ़ा रहा था ?
Was the Cabuliwallah growing friendship with Mini?
2. तुम शू-स्टोर में क्या सीख रहे थे ?
What were you learning in the shoe-store?
(D) Negative-Interrogative Sentence: नकारात्मक प्रश्नवाचक वाक्य Sentence Structure : ( वाक्य संरचना) :
HV (Wasn't/Weren't) + Sub. + V-ing + O + adv. ?
Or
‘Wh' word + HV ( wasn't / weren't ) + Sub. + V-ing + O + adv. ?
1. क्या विद्यार्थी प्रार्थना के बारे में नहीं सीख रहे थे ?
Weren't the students learning about the prayer?
2. स्वामी अकेला क्यों नहीं सो रहा था ?
Why wasn't Swami sleeping alone ?
(E) Usages : प्रयोग
(i) To indicate a past action that was continue some time in the past. ऐसे past actions के लिए जो भूतकाल में जारी थे ।
1. उत्तंक उस समय विश्राम कर रहा था ।
Uttanka was taking rest then.
(ii) To express the definite future arrangement of the past. वह उस रात्रि रवाना हो रहा था ।
He was leaving that night.
(iii) With always; for a repeated action
शब्द always के साथ; बारंबार वाले कार्य के लिए
1. वह हमेशा काम करती रहती थी ।
She was always working.
EXERCISE : 6
(Test type : Gap-filling)
Supply the correct tense-Past Simple or Past Continuous form of the verb given in brackets and rewrite the sentences :
1. When I.......her first time, she........in a cafe.
(a) went, finish (b) go, finished
(c) goes, finishes (d) went, had finished
2. I...........my leg while I.........how to drive a scooter.
(a) realized, had made (b) realize, makes
(c) realized, made (d) realized, make
3. He ................. shock while he.............a fuse.
(a) get, mend (b) got, was mending
(c) got, was mending (d) get, was mending
4. They.........us to go in the boat yesterday as a strong wind............
(a) do not allow, blowing (b) did not allow, was blowing
(c) does not allow, was blowing (d) not allow, were blowing
5. She........to her neighbour when the baby.........to cry.
(a) was talk, began (b) was talk, begin
(c) were talk, began (d) were talk, begin
6. Malti.........her finger, while she........vegetable.
(a) hurt, cut (b) is hurt, cut
(c) hurt, was cutting (d) was hurting, cut
7. When .........to see him, he.......a cricket match on T.V.
(a) go, watch (b) went, was watching
(c) were going, watch (d) gone, was watching
8. He.......... asleep when he...........in a train.
(a) fall, travel (b) was falling, travelled
(c) fell, was traveling (d) fell, were traveling
9. My father....the plants when suddenly the rain.........
(a) was watering, started (b) water, was starting
(c) were watering, started (d) watered, were starting
10. He.........under a bridge when the storm.........out.
(a) run, break (b) was running, broke
(c) run, was breaking (d) were running, broke
Solutions : हल
1.saw, sitting (first time, simple past को इंगित कर रहा है व दूसरे clause में sitting का कार्य जारी था।)
2. hurt, was learning (main clause में simple past की sense है व while वाले subordinate clause में अक्सर past progressive का use करें ।)
3. got, was mending (उत्तर संख्या 2 वाली ही स्थिति है।)
4. did not allow, was blowing (main clause में yesterday आया है व subordinate clause में as आया है )
5. was talking, began (main clause में talking का कार्य जारी था व subordinate clause में when के बाद अक्सर simple past का use होता है ।)
6. hurt, was cutting (उत्तर संख्या 2 वाली ही स्थिति है। )
7. went, was watching (उत्तर संख्या 5 वाली ही स्थिति है ।)
8. fell, was travelling (main clause में Simple past की sense है व subordinate clause में when के बाद past progressive की sense है ।)
9. was watering, started (main clause में past progressive की sense है व subordinate clause में when के बाद अक्सर simple past आता है | )
10. was running, broke (उत्तर संख्या 9 वाली ही स्थिति है | )
3. PAST PERFECT TENSE
(A) Affirmative Sentences: साधारण वाक्य Sentence Structure : (वाक्य संरचना) :
S+ HV (had) + V-III + O+ adv.
Or
S+ HV + V-III + O+ adv. + when/before +S+ V-II +O+ adv.
main clause subordinate clause
Or
After+S+HV (had) + V-III +O+ adv. +S+V-II + 0 + adv.
main clause subordinate clause
1. डॉ. पी. के. सेठी उस समय तक जयपुर फुट का आविष्कार कर चुके थे।
Dr. P.K. Sethi had invented Jaipur-foot by that time.
2. डॉक्टर के आने से पहले रोगी मर चुका था।
The patient had died before the doctor came.
3. गृहकार्य पूरा करने के बाद हम खेले।
After we had completed homework, we played.
Rules (नियम) : (i) Helping Verb, had का use करें ।
(ii) Verb की III form का use करें।
(iii) यदि एक large sentence के दो उपवाक्य (clause) हो sentence structure के अनुसार वाक्य बनायें।
(B) Negative Sentences: नकारात्मक वाक्य Sentence Structure : (वाक्य संरचना) :
S+HV+not+ V-III + 0 + adv.
1. उत्तंक ने तब तक गुरुदक्षिणा नहीं दी थी।
Uttanka had not given Gurudakshina by then.
2. डॉक्टर के आने से पहले रोगी नहीं मर चुका था।
The patient had not died before the doctor came.
(C) Interrogative Sentences:प्रश्नात्मक वाक्य Sentence Structure : (वाक्य संरचना) :
HV+S+ V-III + O+ adv. ? Or
'Wh' word+HV +S+ V-III + O+ adv. ?
1. चोर ने अपने आपको क्यों बदल लिया था ?
Why had the thief changed himself?
2. क्या डॉक्टर के आने से पहले रोगी मर चुका था।
Had the patient died before the doctor came.
(D) Negative-Interrogative Sentences: Sentence Structure : (वाक्य संरचना) :
Hadn't+S+ V-III +O+ adv. ?
Or
'Wh' word + hadn't +S+ V-III +O+ adv.?
1. क्या बिश्नोइयों ने जीवन का बलिदान नहीं कर दिया था ?
Hadn't Bishnois sacrificed their lives?
2. चोर ने अपने आपको क्यों नहीं बदल लिया था ?
Why had not the thief changed himself?
(E) Usages:-
(i) To denote past actions occurred before another point in the past. किसी समय में पूर्ण हो चुके थे।
1. वे उस समय तक हरे वृक्षों को काट चुके थे ।
They had cut the green trees by that time.
(ii) To indicate an action that had completed before another started.
पूर्व पहला पूर्ण हो चुका हो।
1. जब हम स्टेशन पहुँचे तो ट्रेन जा चुकी थी।
The train had gone when we reached the station.
(iii) In 'conditional sentences' indicating 'impossible condition'. and a
शर्त को इंगित कर रहे हों।
1. यदि मैं कठिन परिश्रम करता तो मैं सफल हो चुका होता ।
If I had worked hard, I would have passed.
EXERCISE : 7
(Test type: Gap-filling)
Rewrite the following sentences using the appropriate form of verb given in
brackets Past Simple or Past Perfect Tense.
1. I........to bed after I.........my work.
(a) goes, finished (b) has go, finished
(c) had gone, finished (d) went, had finished
2. Suddenly ......... that I.........some mistake.
(a) realized, made (b) has realized, made
(c) had realized, had made (d) realized, had made
3. The patient........ before the doctor.......
(a) died, had arrived (b) died, arrived
(c) has died, arrived (d) died, had arrived
4. They...........me for what I...........for him.
(a) thanked, had done (b) had thanked, done
(c) has thanked, done (d) thanked, has done
5. On reaching the bank he..........that he..........to bring the passbook.
(a) remembered, forgot (b) had remembered, forgot
(c) remembered, had forgot (d) has remembered, forgot
6. Before help..........us, one woman............
(a) had reached, collapsed (b) reached, had collapsed
(c) has reached, collapsed (d) reached, collapsed
7. She..........me his name after he...........
(a) told, left (d) had told, left
(c) told, had left (d) told, has left
8. When we........ the cinema hall, the film already........
(a) entered, started (b) had entered, started
(c) entered, had started (d) has entered, started
9. He..........me after he.............Delhi.
(a) has phoned, reached (b) had phoned, reached
(c) phoned, had reached (d) phoned, reached
10. Why......you......... to the doctor after ...........you to?
(a) didn’t, go, told (b) didn’t, go, had told
(c) hadn’t, go, told (d) didn’t, went, had told
Solutions :
1. went, had finished (वाक्य में adverb, after है तो first action के साथ had + V-III व second action के साथ V-II)
2. realized, had made (suddenly के बाद V-II व दुसरे clause में had + V-III)
3. had died, arrived (before होने पर first action के साथ had + V-III व V-II के साथ second action V-II)
4. thanked, had done (for what होने पर साथ first action had + V-III व second action के साथ V-II)
5. remembered, had forgot (on + gerund आने पर first action had + V-III second action के साथ V-II)
6. reached, had collapsed (उत्तर संख्या तीन की व्याख्यानुसार)
7. told, had left (उत्तर संख्या एक की व्याख्यानुसार)
8. entered, had started (already आने पर first action के साथ had + III व second action के साथ V-II)
9. phoned, had reached (उत्तर संख्या एक की व्याख्यानुसार )
10. didn't, go, had told (after आने पर first action के साथ had + III व second action के साथ didn't
व verb की first form)
4. PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
(A) Affirmative Sentence: साधारण वाक्य Sentence Structure : (वाक्य संरचना) :
S+ HV (had been) + V-ing + O+ since/for + time
1. अध्यापक सोमवार से अंग्रेजी पढ़ा रहा था ।
The teacher had been teaching English since Monday.
2. वह दो घंटे से हिंदी पढ़ रही थी |
She had been reading Hindi for two hours.
Rules: (i) Singular & Plural subjects helping verb, had been का use करें ।
(ii) since का use, point of time के साथ करें ।
(iii) for का use, period of time के साथ करें ।
(iv) क्रिया की V+ing form का use करें।
(B) Negative Sentences : नकारात्मक वाक्य Sentence Structure : (वाक्य संरचना) :
S+ hadn't been + V-ing + O + since/for+time.
1. बिश्नोई वर्षों से हरे वृक्ष नहीं काट रहे थे।
Bishnois hadn't been hacking green trees for years.
2. वह दो घंटे से हिंदी नहीं पढ़ रही थी |
She hadn’t been reading Hindi for two hours.
Note : had के बाद not का use करें व शेष नियम उपर्युक्तानुसार use करें।
(C) Interrogative Sentences : प्रश्नवाचक वाक्य Sentence Structure : (वाक्य संरचना) :
Had + S been + V-ing+O+ since/for+ time?
Or
'Wh' word + had +S+ been + V-ing+O+ since/for+ time?
1. बिश्नोई वर्षों से हरे वृक्षों की रक्षा क्यों कर रहे थे ?
Why had Bishnois been protecting green trees for years?
2. क्या वह दो घंटे से हिंदी पढ़ रही थी |
Had she been reading Hindi for two hours.
(D) Negative-Interrogative Sentences: Sentences Structure : (वाक्य संरचना) :
Hadn't + S + been + V-ing +O+ since/for + time?
'Wh' word + hadn't+S+ been + V-ing +O+ since/for + time?
1. क्या डॉ. पी. के. सेठी वर्षों से अनुसंधान नहीं कर रहे थे ?
Hadn't Dr. P.K. Sethi been doing research for years?
2. क्या वह दो घंटे से हिंदी नहीं पढ़ रही थी |
Had she not been reading Hindi for two hours.
Usages : प्रयोग
(i) With the action began before the time of speaking in the past, and continued upto that time, or stopped just before it.
उस कार्य के साथ जो भूतकाल में बोलने के समय से पहले आरंभ हुआ था और बोलने तक जारी था, या इसके कुछ समय पूर्व ही समाप्त हुआ था ।
वह उषाकाल से कार्य कर रही थी ।
She had been working since dawn.
(ii) A repeated action in the past perfect can sometimes be expressed by it. Past Perfect के एक repeated action को इसके द्वारा व्यक्त किया जा सकता है-
I had tried ten times to solve this question. (Past Perfect)
I had been trying to solve this question. (Past Perfect Continuous)
EXERCISE : 8
(Test type: Gap-filling)
Supply the correct form of the verb given in brackets using Past Perfect Continuous Tense :
1. The students..........extra classes for a week because the syllabus was incomplete. (take)
2. As the player did not got out so she......... since morning. (play)
3. She.......T.V. programmes for two hours because she had no work. (watch)
4. As I couldn't revise my lessons earlier so I..........those since last month. (revise)
5. She......the plants for ten minutes because those were dry. (water)
Solutions to Exercise: 10
1. had been taking 2. had been playing 3. had been watching 4. had been revising 5. had been watering.
Future Tense
Types of Future Tense
1.. Simple Future Tense:-
A. Affirmative Sentence: साधारण वाक्य Sentence structure (वाक्य संरचना)
Rules When describing an action that will take place in the Future, the Simple Future Tense is employed. It expresses assurance and facts.
Subject + will/shall + V1 + Object+ Adv.
Example:उदाहरण
1. हम दूसरे शहर में स्थानांतरित होंगे।
1. We'll relocate to another city.
2. वह कल न्यूयॉर्क पहुंचेंगे।
2. He'll arrive in New York tomorrow.
3. मैं झील में कूदूंगा।
3. I will jump in the lake.
4. मैं खुश रहूंगा।
4. I will be happy.
5. मैं जाऊंगा।
5. I will go.
6. हम न्यूयॉर्क के लिए उड़ान भरकर अपनी सालगिरह मनाएंगे।
6. We will celebrate our anniversary by flying to New York.
7. आज बारिश होने वाली हे।
7. It will rain today.
B. Negative Sentence: नकारात्मक वाक्य Sentence structure (वाक्य संरचना)
Subject + will/shall +not+ V1 + Object+ Adv.
Examples: उदाहरण
1. सुसान जर्मनी नहीं जाएगी।
1. Susan will not go to Germany.
2. यह फिर से नहीं होगा।
2. It will not happen again.
3. पवन ने भोजन नहीं किया होगा|
3. Pawan will not eat food.
4. वह जयपुर नहीं जाएगी |
4. She will not go to Jaipur.
C. Interrogative Sentence: प्रश्नवाचक वाक्य Sentence structure (वाक्य संरचना)
Will/Shall+Subject + V1 + Object+ Adv.
Or W.H. +will/shall +Subject + V1 + Object+ Adv.+?
Example: उदाहरण-
1. क्या आप मेरी मदद करेंगे?
1. Will you help me?
2. क्या आप भोजन करेंगे?
2. Will you eat food?
3. क्या राम फुटबॉल खेलेगा?
3. Will Ram play football?
4. क्या हम फुटबॉल खेलेंगे?
4. Shall we play football?
D. Interrogative-Negative Sentence: नकारात्मक-प्रश्नवाचक वाक्य Sentence structure (वाक्य संरचना)
Will/Shall+Subject +not+ V1 + Object+ Adv. +?
Or W.H. +will/shall +Subject + not+V1 + Object+ Adv.+?
Example: उदाहरण-
1. क्या तुम मेरे लिए नहीं रहोगे?
1. Will you not be there for me?
1. क्या आप मेरी मदद नहीं करेंगे?
1. Will you not help me?
2. क्या आप भोजन नहीं करेंगे?
2. Will you not eat food?
3. क्या राम मेरे साथ फुटबॉल नहीं खेलेगा?
3. Will Ram not play football with me?
4. क्या हम फुटबॉल नहीं खेलेंगे?
4. Shall we not play football?
2.. Future Continuous Tense
Rules:- The Future Continuous Tense portrays an action that will most likely occur in the future and last for a predetermined amount of time. (भविष्य की निरंतर काल एक ऐसी क्रिया को चित्रित करता है जो भविष्य में सबसे अधिक होने की संभावना है और पूर्व निर्धारित समय तक चलेगी।)
A. Affirmative Sentence : साधारण वाक्य Sentence structure: वाक्य संरचना-
Subject + will be/shall be + the present participle (the root verb + -ing)
Example:उदाहरण-
1. मैं कल सुबह लगभग 6 बजे तक सोता रहूंगा।
I'll be sleeping till around 6 a.m. tomorrow.
2. वे अगले दिन इस समय खेलेंगे।
They'll be playing at this time the next day.
3. मैं इस समय कल तैरता रहूंगा।
I will be swimming this time tomorrow.
4. राम फुटबॉल खेल रहा होगा |
Ram will be playing football.
B. Negative Sentence: नकारात्मक वाक्य Sentence structure (वाक्य संरचना)
Subject + Will/Shall + Not + Be + Verb (Ist form) + Ing + Object
Example: उदाहरण-
1. मैं इस तरह का काम नहीं करूंगा।
I will not be doing this kind of thing.
2. वे अगले दिन इस समय नहीं खेलेंगे।
They will not be playing at this time the next day.
3. मैं इस समय कल तैरता नहीं रहूंगा।
I will not be swimming this time tomorrow.
4. राम फुटबॉल नहीं खेल रहा होगा |
Ram will not be playing football.
C. Interrogative Sentence: प्रश्नवाचक वाक्य Sentence structure (वाक्य संरचना)
Will/Shall+Subject +be+V1++ing+Object +?
Wh + Will/Shall + Subject + Be + Verb (Ist form) + Ing + Object + (?)
Example: उदाहरण-
1. क्या आप कल शाम को मंच पर प्रदर्शन कर रहे होंगे?
Will you be performing on stage in the evening tomorrow?
2. क्या वे अगले दिन इस समय खेलेंगे?
Will they be playing at this time the next day?
3. क्या मैं इस समय कल तैरता रहूंगा?
Shall I be swimming this time tomorrow?
4. क्या राम फुटबॉल खेल रहा होगा?
Will Ram be playing football?
5. क्या मैं कल सुबह लगभग 6 बजे तक सोता रहूंगा?
Shall I be sleeping till around 6 a.m. tomorrow?
D. Interrogative-Negative Sentence: नकारात्मक-प्रश्नवाचक वाक्य Sentence structure (वाक्य संरचना)
Wh + Will/Shall + Subject + Not + Be + Verb (Ist form) + Ing + Object + (?)
Or
Will/Shall + Subject + Not + Be + Verb (Ist form) + Ing + Object + (?)
Example: उदाहरण-
1. क्या तुम वही काम दोबारा नहीं कर रहे होगे?
1. Will you not be doing the same thing again?
2. क्या वे अगले दिन इस समय नहीं खेलेंगे?
2. Will they not be playing at this time the next day?
3. क्या मैं इस समय कल तैरता नहीं रहूंगा?
3. Shall I not be swimming this time tomorrow?
4. क्या राम फुटबॉल नहीं खेल रहा होगा?
4. Will Ram not be playing football?
5. क्या मैं कल सुबह लगभग 6 बजे तक सोता नहीं रहूंगा?
5. Shall I not be sleeping till around 6 a.m. tomorrow?
C. Future Perfect Tense
RulesThe Future Perfect Tense is used to indicate an action that will take place at a Future date and time. The Tense is generated by combining the words "will" and "have" with the verb's past participle.
It's used for:
A. Affirmative Sentence: साधारण वाक्य Sentence structure (वाक्य संरचना)
Subject + will have/shall have +V3+Object
Example:उदाहरण
1. मेरी योजना सोमवार तक होमवर्क खत्म करने की है।
1. I plan to finish the homework by Monday.
2. उसके पिता के आने के बाद, उसने घर की सफाई की होगी।
2.Before her father arrives, she will have cleaned the house.
3. मैं दोपहर तक मुंबई पहुँच चुका होगा।
3. I will have reached Mumbai by afternoon.
B. Negative Sentence: नकारात्मक वाक्य Sentence structure (वाक्य संरचना)
Subject + will not have/shall not have +V3+Object
1. मैं कल यह काम नहीं कर चुका रहूंगा।
1. I will not have done this work tomorrow.
2. उसके पिता के आने के बाद, उसने घर की सफाई नहीं की होगी।
2.Before her father arrives, she will not have cleaned the house.
3. मैं दोपहर तक मुंबई नहीं पहुँच चुका होगा।
3. I will not have reached Mumbai by afternoon.
C. Interrogative Sentence: प्रश्नवाचक वाक्य Sentence structure (वाक्य संरचना)
Will/Shall+Subject +have +V3+Object
Wh + Will/Shall + Subject + Have + Verb (3rd form) + Object + (?)
Example: उदाहरण-
1. क्या वह दोपहर तक ताले के संयोजन का पता लगा चुका होगा?
1. Will it have figured out the combination of the lock by afternoon?
2. उसके पिता के आने के बाद, क्या उसने घर की सफाई की होगी।
2.Before her father arrives, Will she have cleaned the house.
3. क्या मैं दोपहर तक मुंबई पहुँच चुका होगा।
3. Shall I have reached Mumbai by afternoon.
D. Interrogative-Negative Sentence: नकारात्मक-प्रश्नवाचक वाक्य Sentence structure (वाक्य संरचना)
Wh + Will/Shall + Subject + Not + Have + Verb (3rd form) + Object + (?) Or
Will/Shall + Subject + Not + Have + Verb (3rd form) + Object + (?)
Example: उदाहरण-
क्या तुम उन्हें शाम तक सारी स्लाइड नहीं दिखा चुके होंगे?
1.Will you not have shown them all the slides by evening?
2. उसके पिता के आने के बाद, क्या उसने घर की सफाई नहीं की होगी।
2.Before her father arrives, Will she not have cleaned the house.
3. क्या मैं दोपहर तक मुंबई पहुँच नहीं चुका होगा।
3. Shall I not have reached Mumbai by afternoon.
4. Future Perfect Continuous Tense
Rules- The Future Perfect Continuous Tense describes an action that will last until a Future date. It's made up of the participle will+have+been+present.
A. Affirmative Sentence: साधारण वाक्य Sentence structure: वाक्य संरचना
It's used for:
Subject + will have been + V1 + the verb's present participle (verb root + -ing). Or
Subject + Will/Shall + Have been + Verb (Ist form) + Ing + Object
Example: उदाहरण-
1. वह अगले दिन ट्रेडमिल पर एक घंटा दौड़ चुका होगा।
He'll have run for an hour on the treadmill the next day.
2. हमने पूरी सर्दी दोपहर की धूप में भीगते हुए बिताई होगी।
We'll have spent the entire winter soaking in the afternoon sun.
3.वह पूरे दिन यात्रा करता रहेगा।
He will have been traveling all day.
4. बॉस के आने तक मैं तीन घंटे से काम कर रहा होगा |
I will have been working for three hours by the time the boss comes.
5. वह दो घंटे से सो रही होती है जब वह घर आता है |
She will have been sleeping for two hours when he gets home.
B. Negative Sentence: नकारात्मक वाक्य Sentence structure (वाक्य संरचना)
Subject + Will/Shall + Not + Have been + Verb (Ist form) + Ing + Object
Example: उदाहरण-
1. मुझे वही काम बार-बार नहीं करना पड़ेगा।
I will not have to do the same thing again and again.
2. हमने पूरी सर्दी दोपहर की धूप में भीगते हुए नहीं बिताई होगी।
We'll not have spent the entire winter soaking in the afternoon sun.
3. वह पूरे दिन यात्रा करता नहीं रहेगा।
He will not have been traveling all day.
4. मैं अपने आगामी सेमेस्टर के लिए अध्यययन नहीं कर ररह होऊंगा |
I will not have been studying for my upcoming semester.
5. मैं पुरे दिन उस पर नहीं हंसता रहूँगा |
I will not have been laughing at him for the whole day.
C. Interrogative Sentence: प्रश्नवाचक वाक्य Sentence structure (वाक्य संरचना)
Will/Shall + Subject + Have been + Verb (Ist form) + Ing + Object +(?)
Or
Wh + Will/Shall + Subject + Have been + Verb (Ist form) + Ing + Object +(?)
Example: उदाहरण-
1. जब मैं आऊँगा तब क्या तुम काम कर रहे होंगे?
Will you have been working when I arrive?
2. क्या हमने पूरी सर्दी दोपहर की धूप में भीगते हुए बिताई होगी।
Shall we have spent the entire winter soaking in the afternoon sun.
3. क्या वह पूरे दिन यात्रा करता रहेगा।
Will he have been traveling all day.
D. Interrogative-Negative Sentence: नकारात्मक-प्रश्नवाचक वाक्य Sentence structure (वाक्य संरचना)
Will/Shall + Subject + Not + Have been + Verb (Ist form) + Ing + Object +(?)
Or
Wh + Will/Shall + Subject + Not + Have been + Verb (Ist form) + Ing + Object +(?)
Example: उदाहरण-
1. क्या वह अर्हता प्राप्त करने के लिए काफी समय से पढ़ नहीं रहा होगा?
Will he not have been studying long enough to qualify?
2. क्या हमने पूरी सर्दी दोपहर की धूप में भीगते हुए नहीं बिताई होगी?
We'll not have spent the entire winter soaking in the afternoon sun?
3. क्या वह पूरे दिन यात्रा करता नहीं रहेगा?
Will he not have been traveling all day?
4. मैं अपने आगामी सेमेस्टर के लिए अध्यययन क्यों नहीं कर रहा होऊंगा?
Why will I not have been studying for my upcoming semester?
5. क्या मैं पुरे दिन उस पर नहीं हंसता रहूँगा?
Will I not have been laughing at him for the whole day?
Exercise-9
1. The bus ------------ at 12:30.
(a) have been arriving (b) is arriving
(c) will arriving (d) has been arriving
2. We -------------- lunch at mountain top café.
(a) is going to have (b) are going to have
(c) am going to have (d) are going to has
3. Rohit -------------- to New Delhi on Wednesday evening.
(a) will fly (b) is fly
(c) are fly (d) will have flying
4. I …………. When you will come here for dinner tomorrow.
(a) will have been working (b) will has been working
(c) have working (d) has working
5. I………… in Jaipur for two years.
(a) will has been living (b) will have been living
(c) will been living (d) will living
6. Why ………… I………..for my upcoming semester?
(a) will, not have been studying (b) will have, not been studying
(c) will, not has been studying (d) will has, not been studying
7. By midnight they ……………. For exam for eight hours.
(a) will has been studying (b) will have been studying
(C) has been studying (d) have been studying
8. ………… you …………… when I arrive?
(a) will, have been working (b) will have, been working
(c) will, has been working (d) will has, been working
9. I ……………….. for three hours by the time the boss comes.
(a) will has been working (b) will have been working
(c) has been working (d) have been working
10. She ………………….. her dance to classical music.
(a) will be performing (b) will have be performing
(c) has been performing (d) have been performing
11. We'll be moving to the house in upstate New York first thing tomorrow morning.
(a) will been moving (b) will have be moving
(c) will be moving (d) have been moving
12. In ten minutes, the train ……………………..
(a) is depart (b) are departs
(c) has departs (d) will depart
13. ……….. he ……………………….. traveling all day?
(a) shall, not have been (b) will, not have been
(c) will not, has been (d) will not, have been
14. Ram …………………… football.
(a) is be playing (b) are be playing
(c) will be playing (d) shall be playing
15. I ……………………… Mumbai by afternoon.
(a) will have reached (b) will has reached
(c) is reached (d) are reached
Answers-1. Will arrive
2. are going to have
3. Will fly
4. will have been working
5. will have been living
6. will, not have been studying
7. will have been studying
8. will, have been working
9. will have been working
10. will be performing
11. will be moving
12. will depart
13. will, not have been
14. will be playing
15. will have reached
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